A group of angry protesters raising fists, with a woman shouting into a megaphone in the foreground during a political demonstration.

India & World Politics: 2025’s Most Critical Events

By Trending Adda Jul 10, 20250

🏛️ The Origin and Evolution of Politics: From Ancient Roots to Modern Democracies

Politics, the art and science of governance, has shaped human civilization for thousands of years. From primitive tribal councils to powerful monarchies, and now to modern-day democracies and republics, politics has been central to organizing societies, resolving conflicts, and distributing power. But where did it all begin? How has it evolved? What milestones defined its course? This blog traces the full journey of politics—from its origins to its present form—with a focus on key events, ideas, and revolutions.

🗿 1. The Birth of Politics: Prehistoric to Early Civilizations

Politics, in its most rudimentary form, started long before recorded history. In early hunter-gatherer societies, leadership and decision-making were informal but necessary.

🔹 Tribal Leadership

Early human communities often had elders or chiefs who made decisions for the group.
Power was based on wisdom, experience, or physical strength, not on wealth or heredity.

As agriculture developed (~10,000 BCE), people began to settle in villages.
Larger populations led to social stratification, requiring more organized governance.

🏺 2. Politics in Ancient Civilizations (3000 BCE – 500 BCE)

With urbanization came the rise of cities and states, and thus, political systems.

🔹 Mesopotamia (Sumerians, Babylonians)

World’s first cities like Ur and Uruk had kings and city councils.
Code of Hammurabi (1754 BCE): One of the earliest written legal codes.

🔹 Ancient Egypt

Pharaohs were god-kings, combining religion and politics.
Centralized authority with bureaucrats and tax systems.

🔹 Indus Valley Civilization

Less is known due to undeciphered script, but urban planning suggests a highly organized administration.

🔹 Ancient China

Dynasties like Shang and Zhou introduced concepts like the “Mandate of Heaven”—divine approval of rulers.
Early merit-based systems (precursors to bureaucracy).

⚖️ 3. Political Thought in Ancient Greece and Rome (500 BCE – 500 CE)

This era gave birth to foundational political philosophies and republican ideas.

🔹 Greece: Birthplace of Democracy

Athens introduced the world’s first known democracy (5th century BCE).
Citizens (not slaves or women) could vote directly on laws.
Philosophers like:
- Socrates – questioned political norms.
- Plato – wrote The Republic, imagined a just society ruled by “philosopher-kings”.
- Aristotle – classified governments: monarchy, aristocracy, and polity.

🔹 Rome: Republic to Empire

Roman Republic (509 BCE – 27 BCE) had a Senate, Consuls, and checks & balances.
Later, it became the Roman Empire under Augustus.
Rome’s legal and administrative legacy still influences modern governance.

🏰 4. Medieval Politics (500 CE – 1500 CE): Kings, Church, and Feudal Lords

After the fall of Rome, Europe entered the Middle Ages, where power shifted to monarchs and religious institutions.

🔹 Feudalism

Land was the main currency.
Kings granted land to lords in exchange for loyalty and military service.
Lords ruled over serfs, creating a hierarchical political order.

🔹 The Role of the Church

The Catholic Church held immense political power.
Popes often clashed with kings (e.g., Pope vs. Emperor Henry IV).
Crusades (1095–1291): Religious wars with strong political motives.

🔹 Islamic Caliphates

The Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid Caliphates combined religious and political leadership.
Sharia law and centralized governance expanded across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe and Asia.

✊ 5. The Rise of Nation-States and Political Revolutions (1500–1800)

This period marked the birth of modern states and political revolutions that redefined governance.

🔹 The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Ended the Thirty Years’ War in Europe.
Birth of the modern nation-state system and the idea of sovereignty.

🔹 The Enlightenment (17th–18th centuries)

Philosophers challenged monarchy and divine rule.
Key thinkers:
- John Locke: Advocated natural rights and government by consent.
- Montesquieu: Proposed separation of powers (executive, legislative, judicial).
- Rousseau: Wrote The Social Contract—power comes from the people.

🔹 Major Revolutions

American Revolution (1776): First modern democratic republic.
French Revolution (1789): Overthrew monarchy, declared “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”.

🌍 6. Colonialism and Global Politics (1800–1945)

While Europe experimented with democracy, it expanded its control over Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

🔹 British, French, Spanish Empires

Politics became global as colonizers exported their systems—often exploitative.
Local rulers were replaced or manipulated, creating long-term instability.

🔹 Political Ideologies Emerged

Capitalism (Adam Smith) vs. Socialism/Communism (Karl Marx, Engels).
These ideologies fueled conflicts and revolutions across the 19th and 20th centuries.

🔹 World Wars

WWI (1914–1918) and WWII (1939–1945) redefined international politics.
Led to the collapse of empires and rise of new powers like the USA and USSR.

🗳️ 7. Modern Politics: Democracy, Dictatorship, and Globalization (1945–Present)

🔹 Post-War Political Order

United Nations (1945): Promoted diplomacy and human rights.
Emergence of Cold War politics: USA (Capitalism) vs. USSR (Communism).
Decolonization led to the birth of over 100 new nations.

🔹 Types of Modern Governments

Democracy (India, USA, Germany)
Authoritarian regimes (North Korea, China)
Hybrid regimes (Turkey, Russia)

🔹 Key Global Events

Fall of Berlin Wall (1989) and end of USSR (1991)
Rise of China as a political and economic superpower
Arab Spring (2010–2012): Popular uprisings across the Middle East
Global political movements like Black Lives Matter, climate protests, etc.

Illustration of an inked finger pointing upward with the text "Vote India – General Election" surrounded by saffron and green watercolor effects. — Encouraging citizens to participate in the Indian general election by casting their vote.

🌐 8. 21st Century Politics: Technology, Populism, and Polarization

Politics today is evolving faster than ever, thanks to digital tools, data, and mass communication.

Platforms like Twitter (now X), Facebook, and YouTube influence elections and public opinion.
Disinformation and political polarization are major concerns.

🔹 Populist Leaders

Leaders like Donald Trump, Narendra Modi, Jair Bolsonaro, and others have used nationalism and direct communication to bypass traditional media.

🔹 Global Challenges

Climate change, AI governance, migration, cyberwarfare, and pandemics (like COVID-19) are reshaping political priorities worldwide.

📚 Conclusion: The Journey of Power

Politics began as a way to organize small groups—and today, it governs billions. From tribal elders to elected presidents, from divine kings to AI advisors, the systems of power have constantly adapted to human needs and ambitions.

Yet, the core questions remain the same:

Who should rule?
What makes power legitimate?
How do we balance freedom with order?

The future of politics will likely be shaped by technology, youth movements, climate action, and global cooperation. But it all started with the simple human instinct to live, lead, and decide—together.

1. Global Political Landscape

🔹 Russia–Ukraine & Europe

Papal mediation offered: Pope Leo XIV proposed hosting peace talks after meeting Zelenskyy amid rising civilian casualties in Donetsk. EU leaders (Germany, France, UK) reinforced support for Ukraine, while internal EU tensions persist—like the investigation into France’s National Rally and potential censure of EU Commission chief Ursula von der Leyen over transparency issues The Indian Express+1The Indian Express+1 The Guardian.
Defense pact: UK–France agreed on nuclear coordination and AI-based military tech cooperation Financial Times.

🔹 China–US Trade Tensions

Tariffs rising: President Trump announced 25–40% reciprocal tariffs on countries like Japan and South Korea, impacting global markets and copper prices New York Post.
BRICS pushback: BRICS nations expressed deep concern; China warns of retaliatory measures .

🔹 G20 Summit – Rio, July 6–7, 2025

Attended by leaders including Modi, Trump, Putin (absent), Macron, and Erdogan. Broad discussions included Ukraine, South–South cooperation, and reforms in global governance .

🔹 North America

Canada’s PM Mark Carney, ex-governor of Bank of Canada/England, took office March 14, 2025, signaling continuity amid US protectionism FactsWings.
US domestic turmoil: Trump’s exec order on birthright citizenship is under judicial scrutiny; mass layoffs proposed at NASA; Elon Musk launched the “America Party,” drawing a rebuke from the Treasury Wall Street Journal+2The Guardian+2Times of India+2.

🔹 Middle East & Africa

Cartel violence in Mexico continues challenging governance models Wikipedia+8Chatham House+8The Sunday Guardian Live+8.
Security discussions at EU/NATO on Greenland defense and Arctic autonomy—concerning US ambitions planetdailynews.io.

🇮🇳 2. India’s Political Scene

🔹 India–Pakistan Relations

Ceasefire declared on May 11, 2025, with international praise .
However, India temporarily suspended the Indus Waters Treaty and revoked visas amid ongoing tensions Wikipedia+1Times of India+1.

🔹 Upcoming State Elections

Maharashtra holds civic/zilla parishad elections; Congress is accusing BJP of malpractice Times of India.
Bihar assembly polls set for October–November; JD(U)’s alliance strategies and Prashant Kishor’s new party make it interesting The Sunday Guardian Live+3Wikipedia+3Moneycontrol+3.
Rajya Sabha elections: Assam and Tamil Nadu seats being contested mid‑2025 Moneycontrol.

🔹 Delhi Assembly Aftermath

BJP won Delhi assembly polls in Feb 2025, ending a decade of AAP rule. Rekha Gupta is the new CM Wikipedia.

🔹 Wakf (Amendment) Act Protests

The government passed reforms to regulate Wakf boards; violent protests erupted in West Bengal and Tripura. The Supreme Court intervened Wikipedia.

🔹 “One Nation, One Election” Push

BJP is advocating constitutional changes for synchronized elections. The plan faces stiff opposition and needs a special majority The Indian Express+1The Indian Express+1.

🔹 PM Modi’s Global South Tour

Modi completed a major tour across Africa & South America, strengthening ties, trade, and advocacy at the BRICS summit in Rio .

3. Emerging Themes & Trends

Theme	Key Insight
Polarization & Populism	Political toxicity on social media is rising across democracies arxiv.org.
Tech in Politics	AI governance, digital currencies, cybersecurity, and misinformation are top priorities .
Global South Empowerment	India and others push for reforms in BRICS and G20, asserting multipolar leadership .
Trade Fragmentation	Fragmented global financial networks are emerging amid US–China protectionism .

✍️ Conclusion

July 2025 politics are marked by tensions and opportunities:

In Europe, war diplomacy is gaining momentum while commissions face scrutiny.
US–China trade wars and US domestic politics continue to influence global stability.
India is at a crucial point—balancing local reforms, global diplomacy, and electoral strategies.
Technology, finance, and environmental politics are redefining traditional power structures.

1. BJP Government & Yogi Adityanath

Green Push & Carbon Credits
CM Yogi Adityanath launched a massive tree plantation drive under the Amrit Sarovar initiative, planting a record 37.21 crore saplings in a single day. The state also aims to become a model in carbon credit trading, involving villages and farmers in this “green economy” effort County Local News Times of India+3Times of India+3Times of India+3.
Greater Ghaziabad Expansion & Rural Infrastructure
Plans are underway to expand Ghaziabad into a “Greater Ghaziabad” city, merging three municipalities. Simultaneously, the UP government launched Mission 2031 to bolster rural infrastructure, seeking ₹2.15 lakh crore to uplift villages and minor municipal bodies The Economic Times+1Times of India+1.
Zero-Poverty Campaign
The Zero Poverty Uttar Pradesh Campaign, initiated on Gandhi Jayanti 2024, continues with targeted DBT and livelihood support for the poorest families Navbharat Times+15Wikipedia+15County Local News+15.

🔵 2. Opposition Movements & Alliance Strategy

AAP’s ‘Save Schools’ Campaign
The Aam Aadmi Party launched a statewide membership drive and a “Save Schools” protest, opposing the closure or merger of ~27,000 low-attendance government schools. They argue it disproportionately affects girls and leafed ministers over prioritizing liquor outlets County Local News+15Devdiscourse+15Times of India+15 Times of India+1Times of India+1.
Samajwadi Party (SP) & INDIA Bloc
SP chief Akhilesh Yadav reaffirmed UP as part of the INDIA bloc, targeting the 2026 panchayat polls and 2027 assembly elections with strategies like the PDA alliance (backward/Dalit/minority outreach) and a statewide cycle rally The Week+3Vote India+3County Local News+3 Business Standard+6Business Standard+6Vote India+6. In Azamgarh, the SP opened a PDA Bhawan to mobilize their core voter base Navbharat Times.
Congress Organisation Building
Congress is upscaling grassroot mobilisation across 75 UP districts, preparing blocks/booths, with an eye on panchayat polls and possible alliances Times of India+15Business Standard+15Navbharat Times+15.

⚠️ 3. Legal & Electoral Updates

119 Parties Served Show-Cause Notices
Inactive or non-participating parties received show-cause notices from the EC to justify why they shouldn’t be delisted, with deadlines in mid-to-late July Times of India+1Navbharat Times+1.
Fake-Degree Case Dismissed
The Allahabad HC dismissed a petition against Deputy CM Keshav Prasad Maurya, clearing suspicions of fake degrees, citing lack of legal standing Times of India The Week+1Times of India+1.

✍️ 4. Political Tensions & Accusations

Appeasement Politics Allegation
Deputy CM Brajesh Pathak accused the SP of appeasement and alleged intentions to promote Sharia law, particularly during Kanwar Yatra controversies The Week.
Internal BJP Discontent
Even within BJP ranks, there are murmurs of corruption. A Ghaziabad MLA accused senior officials in an alleged bribery scandal, nicknaming the administration “most corrupt ever,” evident from a viral Reddit thread The Week reddit.com.

📅 5. Looking Ahead: Elections & Strategic Moves

UP Assembly 2027 Outlook
CM Yogi forecasted an 80:20 BJP victory in 2027. Meanwhile, opposition parties are consolidating: SP is with the INDIA bloc, Congress rebuilding, and AAP preparing for 2026 panchayat polls Times of India+11India Today+11Dynamite News+11.
By-election Results
In 13 bypolls held in 2024, the BJP won 10 seats, RLD 1, and SP 3—maintaining the status quo under CM Yogi

1. Preparation for Local Body Elections

The State Election Commission, led by Dinesh Waghmare, is reviewing readiness for upcoming civic polls across Zilla Parishads, municipal councils, Nagar Panchayats, and Municipal Corporations. Voter lists are being updated as of July 1, 2025. The Congress has voiced concerns about alleged irregularities and BJP influence in the process Maharashtra Times+12NDTV+12The Economic Times+12 Times of India.
The MahaYuti alliance (BJP, Shinde Sena, Ajit Pawar’s NCP) is formalizing seat-sharing agreements—BJP around 158 seats, Shinde Sena 70, and NCP-Ajit Pawar 50—targeting over 600 local body seats Mid-Day+11NDTV+11News18+11.

🔵 2. Legislative Actions & Urban-Rural Policy Reforms

The government plans to scrap the land fragmentation law, simplifying registration for small plots (1 guntha) and benefiting approx. 5 million families. A committee is being set up to develop transparent SOPs Times of India+1Times of India+1.
A strict anti-conversion law is in the works. Revenue Minister Bawankule announced imminent bulldozer action against illegal churches and pledged measures to prevent coercive religious conversions, especially in tribal areas Reddit+5ABP Live+5Times of India+5.

🟠 3. Language & Identity Politics Surge

In a show of Marathi pride, Shiv Sena (UBT) MP Sanjay Raut announced a “Marathi Vijay Diwas” rally on July 5 to celebrate the rollback of the three-language policy (including Hindi) in schools India Today+6Business Standard+6Mid-Day+6.
Debates flared in the Legislative Assembly after BJP MP Nishikant Dubey’s remarks criticizing Marathi language led to backlash. The BJP has had to respond defensively amid uproar from cultural groups The Economic Times.
This language politics craze follows the impactful reunion of Raj and Uddhav Thackeray, mobilizing Marathi voters and prompting Congress to consider contesting BMC elections solo Navbharat Times+2Indiatimes+2Navbharat Times+2.

🔴 4. Party Dynamics & Top Leadership Moves

Jagdish Gupta, former Amravati Minister, was expelled from BJP and joined Eknath Shinde’s Shiv Sena—shaking local political equations ahead of civic elections News18+2Reddit+2Maharashtra Times+2.
The Third Fadnavis Ministry (BJP + Shinde Sena + Ajit Pawar NCP) continues its majority after December 2024 assembly elections; no formal Leader of Opposition has been named Wikipedia+2Wikipedia+2NDTV+2.

🔵 5. Opposition Strategies & Shifting Alliances

Congress is rebuilding its grassroots presence, planning to contest local polls independently, and reassessing its role post-Thackeray cousins’ rapprochement The Pioneer+1The Indian Express+1.
Shiv Sena (UBT), led by Uddhav and Raj Thackeray, is asserting cultural issues to carve out its political space. Their alliance with Congress and NCP-SP remains unannounced but likely for local polls Mid-Day+6